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Monday 23/02/2026

Kissing: An Ancient Practice Traced Back 21 Million Years

Ape and Neanderthal kissing in a prehistoric forest
Sofia RomanoSofia Romano

In This Article

HIGHLIGHTS

  • Scientists suggest kissing evolved over 21 million years ago among human and ape ancestors.
  • Research indicates Neanderthals likely engaged in kissing, possibly with early modern humans.
  • The study used a broad definition of kissing to include non-human species like primates and polar bears.
  • Evidence of shared oral microbes between humans and Neanderthals supports saliva exchange theories.
  • The study opens discussions on the evolutionary purpose of kissing, from mate selection to bonding.

Recent research has shed light on the evolutionary origins of kissing, suggesting that this intimate act dates back over 21 million years. A study led by Dr. Matilda Brindle, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Oxford, proposes that kissing likely evolved among the common ancestors of humans and other great apes, including Neanderthals.

Tracing the Evolutionary Roots

The study, published in the journal Evolution and Human Behaviour, explores the evolutionary puzzle of kissing, a behavior observed across various species without clear survival benefits. By examining kissing-like behaviors in animals such as chimpanzees, bonobos, and even polar bears, researchers constructed an "evolutionary family tree" to pinpoint when kissing might have emerged. Dr. Brindle explained that the behavior likely evolved around 21.5 million years ago in large apes, with Neanderthals also participating in this intimate act.

Neanderthals and Modern Humans: A Shared History

The research highlights that Neanderthals, our closest ancient relatives, likely engaged in kissing, potentially with early modern humans. This theory is supported by evidence of shared oral microbes between the two species, indicating saliva exchange over hundreds of thousands of years. Dr. Brindle noted that this finding adds a romantic dimension to human-Neanderthal relations, further supported by genetic evidence of interbreeding.

Defining Kissing Across Species

To ensure a comprehensive analysis, the researchers developed a broad definition of kissing, encompassing non-aggressive, directed oral contact without food transfer. This allowed them to include behaviors in various species, such as wolves and prairie dogs, in their study. The team focused on primates, using video evidence to confirm kissing behaviors and integrate these findings with evolutionary data.

The Purpose of Kissing: An Ongoing Debate

While the study successfully traced the origins of kissing, the question of why it evolved remains open. Theories suggest it could have arisen from grooming behaviors or serve as a means of assessing partner compatibility. Dr. Brindle emphasized the importance of understanding this shared behavior with our non-human relatives, encouraging further exploration of its evolutionary significance.

WHAT THIS MIGHT MEAN

The findings of this study open new avenues for understanding the evolutionary purpose of kissing. Future research could explore whether kissing plays a role in mate selection, reproductive success, or social bonding. Additionally, the evidence of interbreeding between humans and Neanderthals raises questions about the extent of their interactions and shared behaviors. As scientists continue to unravel the complexities of human evolution, the study of kissing may offer unique insights into the social and biological factors that have shaped our species.