A groundbreaking discovery in Morocco has unveiled Spicomellus afer, the oldest known ankylosaur, dating back 165 million years. This peculiar dinosaur, characterized by its extravagant spikes, has prompted scientists to reconsider the evolutionary trajectory of armoured dinosaurs.

A Bizarre Find in Morocco

Unearthed near the central Moroccan town of Boulemane, Spicomellus afer's fossil is the earliest ankylosaur specimen discovered to date. The dinosaur's unique features, including metre-long spikes protruding from its neck, have confounded existing theories on ankylosaur evolution. "It's absolutely bristling with spikes all over its body," remarked Professor Richard Butler from the University of Birmingham, who co-led the research.

Reconstructing the Ancient Creature

The fossil, though incomplete, suggests that Spicomellus afer measured approximately four meters in length and weighed around two tonnes. Its anatomy, described as "punk rock" by researchers, includes a bony collar and a tail likely ending in a weapon-like structure. "We put all the armour out on a table and tried to figure out where, most logically, it would fit," Butler explained, highlighting the challenges faced in reconstructing the dinosaur's body plan.

Implications for Ankylosaur Evolution

The discovery suggests that ankylosaurs may have initially developed elaborate armor for display purposes, which later evolved into defensive mechanisms during the Cretaceous period. "When you see the neck collar of this thing, it seems like total overkill," Butler noted, indicating that the spikes might have served as dominance or mating displays.

Challenges of Fossil Poaching

The excavation site in Morocco has been targeted by fossil hunters, complicating research efforts. Parts of the Spicomellus afer skeleton have been sold online for significant sums, highlighting the ongoing issue of fossil poaching in the region. "There's a huge problem with fossil poaching in Morocco," Butler emphasized, underscoring the need for protective measures.